Just as there are different styles of conventional rifling, there are also different styles and dimensions for polygonal rifling. I would venture to say that HK, Glock and the other polygonally rifled barrels have easily identifiable riflings, not necessarily having to go up to electron microscope magnification.
For the common tv-watcher, firearms terms are as foreign as medical terms to non-medical practicioners, and that makes the show interesting as long as we know that CSI is just entertainment and will not prepare the viewer for a career in forensics.
On silencer design, Enefgee mentioned end wipes. I have seen a silencer, 35-some yrs ago in another life, for a 22LR pistol with a piece of rubber tire interior tube at the muzzle end, with a hole much smaller than .22 diameter. It was a very effective silencer. I am sure that rubber will leave a trace on the bullet.