I have done some pretty extensive testing , checking chokes against shot:kill ratios, and patterning, as well as reading everything I can get my hands on as far as choking for ducks and geese goes.
What I have come up with is (for steel ) IC works better for most guns than mod chokes, but this is not a hard and fast rule.
However, some brands of chokes are tighter than others, so in some instances a mod choke from brand A would kill better than a IC Brand X choke, - the pattern board is more of a guide line as well , BTW.
I have some guns and loads that do not look so good on the pattern board, but kill far better than one would expect.
The bottom line is the rule of thumb "open chokes for steel".
This is because lead compresses and the graphite in it adds "lubricity", whereas steel does not, so tends to bridge , the pellets tend to bounce off one another when compressed in the choke - this in turn makes them spread out faster in a tighter choke than a open choke.
Remember however, I stated that this is NOT a hard and fast rule, some chokes designated as modified will kill better than IC chokes, for the most part I have seen better and more consistent kills with IC chokes when using steel.
Cat