I have a couple of old Moisin-Nagants which have been counterbored in Finland and they shoot really nice. Barrels could be countercored for a lot of reasons, but poor cleaning was the main one. Other reasons would include muzzle damage, rust and just about any other awful thing you can think of that might wreck an expensive barrel.
The Finns probably made more use of this technique than anyone else and restored a LOT of old rifles to good-shooting status.
Generally, it is done on a lathe, using a boring-bar. The new internal muzzle then is cleaned up, removing any fangs, bits of swarf.
MUCH cheaper than a new barrel and, if the original rifling still is good, generally can restore the rifle to very decent performance.
Have fun!