Many US milspec standards are available free online. This includes MIL-DTL-16232 (Phosphate Coating, Heavy, Manganese or Zinc Base). It's a good source of some basic information.
Phosphoric acid is not at all hard to find. Lots of hydroponic and pool/spa suppliers carry it in diluted concentrations, and I've even seen it freely advertised and sold at azeotropic strength, 85%.