"...haven't seen any 19" barrels for sale for quite some time..." Nobody is making 'em. Isn't something you can just turn either.
"...thought the M1 carbine was a prohibited rifle..." Whoever told you that is confused. The Carbine has been restricted due to being a semi-auto, centre fire with a barrel shorter than 18.5"(470mm), since 1 Jan., 1978.
"...Is it just welding the piston to the..." To make one a straight pull bolt action, you take the piston nut and piston out, then replace the piston with a solid plug. No welding required. The plug will require custom manufacturing to close the gas cylinder completely. Threading to match the threads of the piston nut will work better. No risk of gas leaks. Piston nuts tend to break easily too. Especially if you don't have a piston nut wrench.
Turning one into a pump is a bit more involved, but only because you need to make a forestock that fits over the stock. Same process for the gas system.
"...thought the M1 carbine was a prohibited rifle..." Whoever told you that is confused. The Carbine has been restricted due to being a semi-auto, centre fire with a barrel shorter than 18.5"(470mm), since 1 Jan., 1978.
"...Is it just welding the piston to the..." To make one a straight pull bolt action, you take the piston nut and piston out, then replace the piston with a solid plug. No welding required. The plug will require custom manufacturing to close the gas cylinder completely. Threading to match the threads of the piston nut will work better. No risk of gas leaks. Piston nuts tend to break easily too. Especially if you don't have a piston nut wrench.
Turning one into a pump is a bit more involved, but only because you need to make a forestock that fits over the stock. Same process for the gas system.