When I was reloading for my last 45-70 Marlin, Johnn Peterson sent me a spare copy he had of Reloader Magazine, Aug/Sept 2007, which has a tremendous amount of actually testing of Marlin 45-70 rifles. Thanks Johnn. It is laid out in "Pressures that do not exceed," tables, starting with 21,00 CUP, then not over 28,000, 35,000 and finally 43,500 CUP.
This has got to be the holy grail of loading information on the 45-70. They used the four modern models of Marlin in 45-70 and every load was fired in all four model rifles, chronographed and pressure recorded.
Just looking at 3031 with 405 bullet. 46 grains gives1489 fps and does not exceed 28,000CUP.
54 grains of 3031, 405 bullet, gives 1830 and does not exceed 35,000 CUP.
I'M going to start up loading for my present 22 inch Marlin, from the early 1970s, no cross bolt, no safety notice on the barrel and it does no even say micro groove rifling, but it is 12 lands and grooves, nicely cut with square looking shoulders. It should shoot good. But as I did with the last one, I judged pressure by felt recoil and loaded accordingly. There is just no end of lighter loads that will give excellent accuracy, using any one of many different powders.