Welcome newbie
hey cereal83,
You sound like me about a year ago. I had just gotten my PAL and was looking to buy my first rifle. After lots of research and some good advice i opted for a ruger 10/22 carabine (ruger is the company name & 10/22 is the model). In the past year i've blasted over 5000 rounds without any major problems.The possibilities are endless with a 10/22, they are probably the cheapest and easiest guns to modify. I no longer have what they call a factory (original, strait out of the box/factory) 10/22. I fell upon an addicting site that made me another one of its victims... here why don't you go have a look.... hehehe
http://www.rimfirecentral.com/forums/
Some guns are particular about which ammo they like best (.22 especially), so it is recommended that you try as many different types and brands of ammo as possible. you asked what would be the maximum amount of ammo permited by law in Canada in your magazine, well the good news is if you have a RIMFIRE .22, there is no limit. you could have a 5000 drum clip attached and be within law. But if you want a high capacity mag, a butler creek steel lips 25 round clip would be your best choice.
Some people would discourage the use of a semi-auto for a beginer. As working man put it. "Every time you fire the gun automatically ejects the spent case and loads a live round. Very easy for an inexperienced shooter to have an accident". You will have to learn to play safe with your guns. Not to mention that it is also very important (especially if your planning on hunting) to make the first shot count, a one shot kill !!!.... a semi might encourage a newbie to get a little trigger happy... hahaha
Jim Bell was also right on about hunting grouse. It would quite challenging, but possible. And you would have better success with a shotgun.Still i do recommend a .22 as a first rifle, as you might develop a flinch if you were to start with a high calibre. not to mention that ammo is inexpensive, and you will get alot of practice shooting done to master your stance, trigger squeeze ect.
"how far will they shoot", you asked? with a .22lr your looking to be shooting to kill between 25-75 yards. your bullet however can travel up to 1 1/2 miles.
by all means i am no expert but do have some recommendations for your future purchases. you can find alot of good deals in the equipment exchange forum here at CGN.
Also, If you are looking to buy a new high calibre rifle i'd recommend savage arms, they are cheap and good shooters right out of the box. I bought the savage stevens model 200 in 30-06 (350$)and am very happy with my purchase.
http://www.savagearms.com/centerfire_home.htm
http://www.savagearms.com/st_200long.htm
Also you might want to check out the rhineland R22 (.22lr non-restricted) 600$
http://www.rhinelandarms.com/
And a good tacticle style shotgun
winchester defender
http://www.winchesterguns.com/prodinfo/catalog/detail.asp?cat_id=512&type_id=907&cat=012C
or
remington 870
http://www.remington.com/products/firearms/shotguns/model_870/model_870_express_synthetic_18inch.asp
inform yourself, read alot,and do not let yourself be intimidated. there are a great bunch of guys here that are always willing to help. so have fun and keep shooting!!!
p.s. Welcome to CGN's