Possibly could but rifle primers sit a hair taller than pistol primers and may protrude out the base of shell slightly. The rifle primers are also slightly thicker and need a bit more wack to set them off.
Might not be a problem in some guns but could make closing the action difficult in others. Revolvers may not revolve. Some guns could possibly fire on slamming the action closed.
I'd go find some large pistol primers myself.