Sectional Density and On-Game Performance?

mmattockx

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Semi-rookie hunter here. I shot two deer last year in my first season and one so far this year, so I have a bit of experience with shooting game, but nothing like what our more experienced forum members have accumulated.

My question is about bullet sectional density and what role it plays in on-game effectiveness of a cartridge/bullet combo. I know what sectional density is defined as, so I don't need that explained. Just how it affects the performance of a calibre and why some calibres (6.5x55, for instance) have reputations for being far more effective on game than their basic performance numbers would indicate.

Thanks,
Mark
 
SD is a number. That's all it is. Effect on game is a combination of many things (including SD of course) but effectiveness on game cannot be judged by SD alone any more than accuracy can be judged by BC alone.
 
It is only significant while comparing two bullets of the exact same construction and expansion behaviours. The SD changes completely when the bullet changes shape and expands, so comparing different bullet types is a useless comparison.

SD typically is a factor in the determination of penetration, but it also affects the BC figure of a bullet. With bullet technology as advanced as it is today, SD has become less and less important as we have bullets such as the E-tip, TSX, GMX, XP3, GS Custom, FS, etc available to us.

As an example of the importance of comparing like bullets in order to see the usefulness of SD, a 7mm 150gr TTSX will clobber a 160gr Speer Mag Tip in every way, even though the Speer has a higher SD. The SD number becomes irrelevant in this case.
 
It is only significant while comparing two bullets of the exact same construction and expansion behaviours. The SD changes completely when the bullet changes shape and expands, so comparing different bullet types is a useless comparison.

SD typically is a factor in the determination of penetration, but it also affects the BC figure of a bullet. With bullet technology as advanced as it is today, SD has become less and less important as we have bullets such as the E-tip, TSX, GMX, XP3, GS Custom, FS, etc available to us.

As an example of the importance of comparing like bullets in order to see the usefulness of SD, a 7mm 150gr TTSX will clobber a 160gr Speer Mag Tip in every way, even though the Speer has a higher SD. The SD number becomes irrelevant in this case.

There you have it. Old School shooters would say you should have a SD at, or above .25 for adequate penetration. With the tsx, and such, that's all out the window. For a conventional bullet I'd still try and stick with .25, and above, and for me the higher the better as long as the bc stays up as well.
 
There you have it. Old School shooters would say you should have a SD at, or above .25 for adequate penetration. With the tsx, and such, that's all out the window. For a conventional bullet I'd still try and stick with .25, and above, and for me the higher the better as long as the bc stays up as well.

For what sort of game does are you applying this rule of thumb? A 150 grain .30 bullet has a sectional density of "only" .226, yet it can work just fine on deer sized game with conventional softpoints.
 
There is no rule of thumb. It totally depends on impact velocity, construction, and intended target.

If you drive a 150gr SP from a .30-30 or .308, it'll work great as an elk or deer bullet. If you drive the same bullet from a .30-378, you could be in trouble, or at very least you'd likely be setting off a bomb inside the animal.
 
Yes, as the bullet expands its sectional density changes, because its shape changes. The biggest factor for penetration is bullet construction. Impact velocity is also very important, but like Jordan says above, too much velocity could impede penetration depending on the construction qualities of the bullet.
I hit a mule deer at 225 yards last weekend with a 130 gr speer btsp out of a .280. The bullet went clean through. My dad hit a bigger mule deer at 300 yards with a 140gr sierra btsp out of a .270. The bullet never exited, and seems like it completely broke apart inside the animal. Dad's bullet had a higher SD than mine, so there's obviously other factors working in concert here.
But the best way to simplify it is to rely on bullet construction more than SD.
 
I think SD was (and to some extent still is) a far more useful element in comparing 'equal to equal'. It's fair to say that an old 220 gr. Hornady RN 'cup & core' would, in most cases, penetrate better than an old Hornady 150 gr. 'cup & core'. As an earlier post has pointed out, that has all changed with the advent of bonded cores and monometal bullets.

I predict that we'll all be using 100% monometal bullets within 25 years. Lead-containing bullets will probably go the way of lead shot.
 
Looks like we're agreed, bullet construction is far more important than is sectional density. There was some coincidence in that some of the bullets with the greatest SD also held together good. I'm thinking of the 160 grain round nose bullet in the 6.5 Mauser that had such a good reputation on moose.
What I can't agree with is that it was just these "modern" bullets that are so spectacular. I have posted copies of Jack O'Connor's writings on the 50th anniversary of the 270 Winchester cartridge, which he wrote in 1975. He states that the 130 grain bullet Winchester designed and built, for the new 270 in 1925, was the best bullet for the 270 that he had ever seen, as he wrote in 1975. He said it expanded, but held together and had deep penetration. He also stated it was too expensive to make and Winchester had to give it up.
After WW2, Fred Barnes renewed his bullet making. My brother got a bunch of his new type in 30 calibre, both 150 and 200 grain. The jackets were swaged from ordinary copper tubing that you could buy at the hardware store, which was way, way thicker than regular bullet jackets. The lead alloy core was "soldered" to the jackets. A bit of lead was exposed at the nose. In game, the heavy copper jacket opened up, but the bullet scarcely lost any weight and they really penetrated. I have told on some of these threads how the 150 grain Barnes I talk of, was one of the best moose killers in the 30-06 that I had ever used. The 200 grain was even better. Had those early Barnes bullets had the hype that modern bullets get, I'm sure they would have been rated right up there with the modern ones with all the fancy letter designations.
In the 1950s I had a friend who had immigrated from Germany. In Germany he grew up in a rich family that had the hunting rights we hear of. This fellow had shot maybe 20 or 30 big game animals a year, as well as maybe 150 pheasants. We had lots of arguments about things, but no question, he knew firearms and shooting. He claimed a partition bullet made by RWS was far superior to the Nosler partion. This bullet was hard to get in Canada, but I know some US hunters used them on guided hunts in western CAnada, and Africa.
During those years after the War, that I refer to as the glory years of hunting and shooting, the huge firm of Herter's were in their hayday. They made, or had made for them, a large variety of bullets. In general, Herter products were very low priced, but often of surprisingly good quality. I still have some ot the cheapest 130 grain 270 bullets they sold. These are just as accurate as any other 130 grain bullet I have shot in the 270. The price was about one-third of what one would pay for similar bullets from other manufacturers.
Herter's made a great variation in their bullets. Their top quality ones were partition type, like Nosler, only the best ones earned a reputation that exceeded Nosler's.
Gee, all this about bullets and I haven't even mentioned one of my all time favourites, the CIL Dominion Copper Point Expanding, which they loaded in some of their standard calibres!
 
There you have it. Old School shooters would say you should have a SD at, or above .25 for adequate penetration. With the tsx, and such, that's all out the window. For a conventional bullet I'd still try and stick with .25, and above, and for me the higher the better as long as the bc stays up as well.

I agree, the monometal bullets have completely re-wrote the penetration equation with the way the light bullets drill through game.

The SD is directly related to the BC (BC is simply SD / bullet form factor), so a higher SD will always give a higher BC for the same shape of bullet. This is the reason why the 6.5mm and 7mm bullets tend to have significantly higher BC than .308 bullets. The .308 bullets don't have very high SD until you get into the real heavyweights.

Thanks for all the replies,
Mark
 
Conventional bullets the higher sectional density (associated lower associated velocity) show more penetration.

Bullets like the Nosler Partition and Accubond also respond to increased SD.

Oddly enough the Barnes TSX all penetrate about the same...Though I would like to compare the .375 350grain to the 250 grain TSX to if there is a difference. Supposedly the TTSX is a harder bullet design than the TSX, but only time will tell if it penetrates any better.

On the other hand, you could use a .308 110gr TSX for a coastal grizzly hunt, but why would you?
I suppose the bottom line is to select a reasonable SD for the intended target.
The more conventional the bullet the more reasonable you should be.
 
For a given caliber, sectional density is the weight of the bullet. Double the weight of the bullet, you double the SD.

SD is weight. Get over it.


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SD is weight. Get over it.
 
Well you have all lost me......BC is not as important as using a $2 bullet....a TTSX is better then a Speer because it penetrates deeper.....solid copper will replace lead because it's lighter and better, like steel shot is better then lead......I think you have all been watching the Hunting channel too much, drinking the Koolaid, making fools of yourselves, lapping it up..............
 
Calling SD just weight is an oversimplification. I think the OP was asking about the performance on game of long narrow bullets(heavy for calibre). Traditionally 6.5x55mm(160 grain),7x57mm(175 grain),.303 British(215 grain) which all perform exceptionally well in large game e.g., they wade a lot of meat and tend to cut straight wound channels at moderate velocity. I can't speak about the effectiveness of the very latest bullet development , it would take a lot to outperform the Nosler partition but I try to keep an open mind.
 
The fact that some bullets penetrate more then others doesn't make them better then others, in fact in most cases it makes them worse then most. BC doesn't have much to do with it if it acts more like a fmj and doesn't do the damage it could on the way through. In most cases, when it comes to jacketed bullets, lead core bullets provide the best combination of expansion and penetration. If the bullet isn't going to expand much and zip right through the animal, I want it to be as large a diameter, and as flat a point as possible!
I know this doesn't jive with the Koolaid most drink, but I prefer beer anyways.
 
The fact that some bullets penetrate more then others doesn't make them better then others, in fact in most cases it makes them worse then most.

A bullet can expand properly,and penetrate as well.Bullets that retain 100% of their weight will normally penetrate more than a bullet that expands to the same frontal area ,yet loses 40% or more of it's weight.That is why a bullet like the Barnes TSX or TTSX can do both very well.

In most cases, when it comes to jacketed bullets, lead core bullets provide the best combination of expansion and penetration.

I find that the Barnes MRX with it's tungsten core,provides the best combination in jacketed bullets.Of course,bullets like the TSX,and TTSX are not jacketed bullets,so your statement obviously doesn't apply to them.
 
Which bullet have you been shooting animals with that "acts like a FMJ and just zips right through"?

I've killed and seen killed well over 50 (probably creeping up closer to 100 by now) animals shot with X/TSX/TTSX bullets, as well as the latest buck I shot with the GS Custom HV, and the animals typically drop at the shot, or within 40 yards. I have yet to complain about those bullets not expanding enough or doing enough damage. They penetrate more than enough, but certainly not "too much", as I've collected a few bullets of this style from dead animals.
 
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