Part of working up a load can be documenting its performance at various ranges/conditions. Many shooting logbooks have this sort of information for various pet loads, and allow for quick calculation of hold-offs from a specified zero.
Also, if you do some reading on the concept of "point blank" (which doesn't mean what most non-shooters think it to mean), you can see that a properly zeroed rifle will have a large range interval at which the point of impact will be close enough to the point-of-aim for the desired effect. For example, if hunting a large mammal, your round might be reliably lethal as long as it hits within 4 inches of a specified aim point. The rifle might then be useful for the interval of ranges where the POI is plus or minus four inches from the POA -- which could be quite a large range.
A good varmint rifle zeroed to around 200 yards might be reliably lethal to a standing ground squirrel, aimed center-of-mass, at ranges from 50 to 300 yards without adjusting the point of aim.
Precision target shooting is usually known-distance shooting, so you ordinarily sight your rifle to the specified distance.