All things being equal, the barrel length only affects shot velocity after it leaves the barrel(s) - up to about 24". After 24" (give or take, depending on the the powder load), the shot doesn't accelerate any more. Barrels longer than 24" are for sight picture, swing through, weight balance, and similar considerations.
The choke used, shot size, barrel guage, and distance from target combine with shell characteristics (such as load, type of shot cup, etc.) to determine the shot pattern. So, you can see that something as simple as adding 10 yards to the distance or changing brands of shells can have a significant effect on shot pattern.
I'm no expert on the subject, but I believe most barrels in the shorter configurations are intended for use in home defense, riot control, bear defense and such. For that reason, they tend towards more open chokes - better suited for short distances.
SS