Goats are very narrow animals through the front shoulder area and their bones are not hard. I think the best goat cartridge is either the 257 Wby or 264 WM and do not go with homogenous bullets. The best bullets for goats, assuming a front shoulder shot, is one that opens very rapidly. The toughest bullet I would use would be an Accubond at the highest possible velocity, from either cartridge I mentioned. From a lower velocity cartridge like the 30-06, I would use 150 gn Sierra or Speer or possibly Berger. The biggest reason a lot of people have problems with goats is that they use too much gun and too stout a bullet.
If you take a real good look at a goat you will realize that they are about 1/2 as deep shoulder blade to shoulder blade through the chest as a decent WT buck. This area is very large top to bottom, but very shallow through, and you want your bullet to do as much damage as possible within 9-12", this is not an application for homogenous bullets. Goats are also not prone to shock so one must damage as many internal organs or as much lung and heart tissue as possible, this necessitates the use of a fragile bullet that expands fully or even fragments within the first 9" of penetration. Some may disagree, but I have taken several goats and this is what my observations and experience has shown to me.
I tend to be overgunned for the simple reason that where I have hunted goats the grizzlies are numerous and one never knows which one may need to kill first, so I like my 300s with ABs. However if I was able to hunt goats in area relatively free of grizzlies I would most certainly use my 257 Wby with 110 gn ABs or my 264 with 130 gn ABs.
Another point of note OP, goats are not built internally like one might think, so I recommend you study their internal make up before going. The spine sits much lower between the withers of the goat than you might imagine and their heart and lungs are also much lower than you might think. Seriously this knowledge is of much greater importance than which bullet you try to stuff through him. Forget the high withers and all that pretty white hair and keep your bullet no more than 9" up from the brisket.......6" is better, this is where he lives and this is where you want to hit in order to kill him fast and clean.