Modern military doctrine is all about spray and pray. If you can't hit a man-sized mannequin at 300 with an AK, you have no business being in uniform. 556 may have superior lethality under lab conditions designed to highlight its advantages, and it is a better caliber for open country with no houses, cars or foliage, where the trained marksman can let it stretch out its "legs".. Due to the heavier bullet, 7.62x39 doesn't get deflected as much when going through barriers such as heavy foliage, doors, walls, windows and sheet metal, which is a concern even when shooting .308. That is why it came under consideration from our side and why 300BLK was developed in the first place. The disadvantages (and they are serious) in modern military doctrine are that the soldier can carry fewer rounds and controllability under full auto. An "intermediate" caliber like 6.5Grendel or 6.8SPC would give us the best of both worlds with minimal changes in actual equipment. This is all well known to the NATO brass but nothing will ever get done about it. Huge amount of debt and an even bigger bureaucracy.