I would go with 45ACPKING, that best solution is to find OEM part for the base in question. Seems there is some variation in the screw heads - large knurled, smaller, etc. - likely want to replicate that?? As has been mentioned, "standard" threads in the receiver seem to be #12-32 (from tables on Internet, OD of male screw thread is about 0.216"?).
Then run into screw quality - for sure various "machine screws" bought in blister pack in local hardware for other uses - often shiny "zinc plated" - typically quite soft - likely "good enough" for intended use? I have multiple examples where screw head turned right off, as screw was tightened down - I likely went "farmer tight" (6-32, 8-32). Not sure they would last well as the single threaded attachment holding a scope base though? I do believe that virtually all "socket cap screws" are (or used to be) almost always "Grade 8" quality - likely the most resistant to shear and deformation, I think?? - if you can not find OEM?
And, as I have learned, almost all threaded fasteners come with an engineered torque spec for body stretch, etc. - so it works much smoother to find that spec and comply with it. Tightening "more" than spec, does not usually make the connection stronger. Over-tightening seems to lead to over-stretch in screw body, head starting to be ripped off, threads starting to strip within the hole or on the screw, and so on.