The machining of the feed rails is different, .308 sized receiver vs .223 sized.
I do not know if a .308 receiver will feed .223 rounds reliably from the Remington factory ADL/BDL magazine. If you are using something like an AICS magazine system, with single position feed, this is irrelevant.
The locknut barrel system does allow barrels to be installed/swapped. Then again, a shouldered barrel only needs to be fitted once, and then can be removed and replaced without any adjustment. It can even be possible to remove, replace and change barrels without removing the action from the stock, depending on the forend inletting.
If you are swapping bolts and barrels, make sure that bolt nose clearance and lug seating are satisfactory.
It is not unusual to be able to swap Remington factory barrels and have correct headspace. It is not likely that markings or sights will be properly oriented, if that matters.