I have also read about 'tests' where un burnt powder was collected from in front of the muzzle on large clean sheet that was placed for that purpose... after it had the chance to burn in a 24 inch barrel... so not all powder burns within 2 inches... there is a point where more powder simply becomes a projectile with less velocity. I have personally measured this with a 338-378 and a 28 inch barrel. (Using an Oehler 35P)
With the choice of powders offered today a hand loader can compensate somewhat using a slightly faster powder in a slightly shorter barrel for a higher velocity than a slower powder may give. There is no set rule, cartridge capacity and bullet weight and diameter and the barrel length all affect this.
Who needs pressure testing equipment when we have white sheets.
If you read carefully, I stated that the pressure needs to be appropriate for the powder, i.e. high enough, and that not neccesarily 100% of the powder will burn regardless of the pressure and barrel length. Now is stuff on the white sheet really "unburnt power" or is it "products of combustion". When I clean a 32" bore after using a load with Bullseye powder (I've done it), is the soot "unburnt powder"? Does that indicate that I need a faster powder or a longer barrel to get a comlete burn?
I already addressed your second point (knowing it would come up). It's just not true, and was proven 50 years ago, and more recently even with new powders. That notion has entered reloading folklore and will forever remain there.