Game control officer in SA had the experience of a solid failing to penetrate an elephant's skull, nearly ending his career rather abruptly. He recalled that the round sounded "funny". The shot was fired in the midst of a cull operation, during which the boss cow was shot first, and in the resulting melee, he kept dodging elephants, shooting elephants, and doing tactical reloads, striving to keep at least one round in the mag, "just in case." Well, "in case" happened, when a cow charged, he was down to the last round, chambered it, shot, got a funny sound, and his tracker threw his water bag in the elephants face, got her attention while the shooter dropped in a fresh cartridge and killed the cow.
All to set the scene for how, in reconstructing the failure to penetrate, he shot repeated rounds at a target, always leaving the one round in the bottom of the mag. At around the same round count as he had fired during the cull, he again got a "funny" report, and the recoil - which he noticed during traget shooting - was extreme. A second series of repeated discharges with one sacrificial round in the bottom of the mag, stopped this time a few shots short of the previous series, and lo and behold, the bullet had been set back substantially.
Crimp.