Strength is not a problem. It is not well known but when 3 inch ammuntion first came on the market they were very concerned about people putting a 3 inch shell in a 2 and 3/4 inch barrel and blowing it up............ so they made all 3 inch ammo safe enough that it would not blow up a 2 & 3/4 inch gun.
It isn't wise to fire 3 inch shells in a shorter chamber, the pressures will be higher, the pattern distorted, the recoil considerably more, and eventually the gun may be damaged.
All manufacturers will tell you not to. Simple liability.
I have seen some 870's function with 3 inch shells in a 3 inch barrel... others have an ejection problem previously described.