On a side, but related note, how many have seen what happens with a perfect shot with a 1oz 12ga slug to a bear's vitals? I'm sure Boomer has. The results aren't what you might think, typical reaction is to run off 20 yards, and ball up then die within about 60 seconds. 60 seconds is a long bloody time if it counts... You can not count on a 12 ga, a .45-70, even a .375 H&H or .470 Nitro to stop a bear "right now", especially with survival situation shooting and an amped sow defending cubs etc. Without a CNS hit, nearly impossible under real conditions of a surprise attack, you are going to die or get very badly hurt. The best bear defence is to be bear aware or "smart", and avoiding encounters in the first place. We're too heavily gunned and too lightly educated here I feel.