If you have set the die as instructed, that is, with the handle all the way down, (ramp full up) screw the die in until it hits the shell holder. Then raise the handle a bit and screw the die in another 1/4 to 1/2 a turn and tighten the lock not.
Size a lubed case and then see if it will go in the chamber of your rifle and the bolt fully close. If it does, you got it.
If it still won't fully go in the chamber and the bolt close on it, I can tell you almost for sure, what the trouble is. Read this carefully.
The brass you were given was likely old and shot a few times. The brass in the shoulder area of the case hardens from use and age, and your die may push it back OK, but then the brass springs forward at the shoulder, just enough to allow the case to not go in the chamber.
You have two solutions.
1) Your brass needs to be annealed. If you don't know how to do this, find out how.
2) You could get newer brass to try.
There is another, more complicated solution. Either grind a bit off of the face of the shell holder, or buy one that is slightly thinner. However, the trouble is likely in the old brass and annealing should fix it fine.
I have had this happen to two different 243 rifles I have had and in both times when the cases were annealed and then sized, they worked fine.