When you pull the trigger the firing pin pushes the case forward until the shoulder of the cartridge case contacts the shoulder of the chamber and then the cartridge goes bang. As the pressure builds the primer is forced out of the primer pocket back over the firing pin. If you bump the shoulder back too far this creates excess "head clearance" and how far to the rear the primer can move. Basically the firing pin hits the primer and then the primer is forced "back over" the firing pin which then acts like a cookie cutter and punches the center out of the primer that it just hit