Practically speaking, there isn't much difference for most purposes. Most of the perception of 30mm tubes being inherently superior comes from the fact that high end European manufacturers like Zeiss, Swarovski, etc. use this size rather than any specific technical reason.
Light transmission is a function of objective lens diameter and glass quality, not tube diameter. A 30mm tube could hypothetically have more adjustment range than a 1" tube, but many have the same "guts" as their 1" counterparts. A 30mm tube of the same material with the same wall thickness will be stiffer than a 1" tube, but this is not the only thing that determines the durability of a scope.
Pick the scope that best fits your requirements and let tube size fall where it may.