Success ... finally ... using a combination of the hints received here.
First I clamped the very end of the tube (i.e. the solid end, as Slopemeno suggested) in a vise with two blocks of wood. Turning the receiver also turned the tube, and the only way I could see to stop this was to put a lot of the tube within the blocks. Well, I was a little afraid I might crush the thin wall section, so I went to plan B.
I put the receiver in the vise (between the blocks), and then used a good amount of electrical tape to cover the tube end. Then I added vise grips and tried to turn. Wrench still slipped, and in order to stop this, I figured I was going to gouge the tube from overly tight vise grip jaws (even with the tape). On to plan C.
I stopped by Lowe's on the way home today and picked up a strap wrench "kit" (2 wrenches, one small and one large, $16). Leaving the receiver in the vise (with wood blocks), I tried to turn the tube with the large strap wrench on the tube end. It slipped, so I degreased the tube end and tried again. It slipped, so I added some hockey tape (cloth tape) and tried yet again. It was now holding, but it seemed like I had a lot of torque on the tube at this point. Also tried impacting tube with plastic mallet in try to break it loose ... no dice.
Plan D ... or whatever ... I'm losing track. I got out the propane torch. I was leery of this, since it's really easy to overheat aluminum threads, causing them to gall - and then I would have a serious problem. So I figured I would go through multiple iterations of "heat and try", while only heating the steel tube itself. Well, about 3 seconds of heat on the tube and presto, it came out ... just like I knew what I was doing (which, of course, was obviously far from the truth).
It looks like I got better than my fair allotment of thread sealer on the tube threads. And I agree, this is not a good design. The inside of the tube is ugly and the spring is rusty, even though I tried to clean the tube out every time after the gun was out in the rain ... which has happened multiple times over the last 20+ years.
So after I clean it up and replace the spring, I'm thinking that maybe I won't Lock-tite it during reassembly. I don't see how the tube can move during use, and as long as you don't put a wrench on the barrel nut when tightening, it should break loose before the tube unthreads from the receiver. If that doesn't pan out, I can always Lock-tite the tube later. But at this point, I like the idea of being able to unscrew the tube easily for cleaning.
Thanks for everyone's help on this one.
dogfood
P.S. - robc - Yep, that cap part is called a follower - I guess because it "follows" the rounds as they get pulled from the magazine. It's typically called a follower regardless of whether it is in a fixed or detachable magazine ... shotgun, rifle or pistol ... and regardless of shape/size.