I took a second look at your photos, and the second photo you posted - of the brass still in the chamber, shows that the barrel extension is not indexed properly. If I recall right, BCL (not known for their great QA/quality) had a recall/notice out about some of their barrels/barrel extensions not being indexed properly.
It looks like your bolt functioned properly, it stripped, fed, chambered and locked... however with the barrel extension slightly out of index, it looks like when the firing pin struck the primer, the lugs on the bolt were not fully supported which allowed the bolt and carrier assembly to travel rearward, which is why you didn't experience an OOB in technical sense.
It might also explain why you saw the gouge in the upper receiver in the cam pin pocket, where it transitions to the slot for the charging handle/cam pin to ride in when the bolt is unlocked. That gouge seems to indicate the cam pin slammed into the transition point.
Thankfully no one was injured... but BCL absolutely produced a hunk of junk in letting that rifle out.
EDIT: Here's the link to the BCL recall. ht tps://blackcreeklabs.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Barrel-Alignment-Inspection.pdf
I can't overstate how crappy their products must be for letting guns out that produce these kinds of malfunctions.