Many, many years ago, I got an 8X57 Mauser from Globe Firearms. Bought it for the action. The barrel was just as you have described in your original post. Tried to clean it up, but it was still a mess.
The barrel was going to be coming off the action anyway, and I had nothing to lose, so rolled some steel wool onto an old bronze bristle brush and went at the bore. Can't remember what grade wool it was, but am pretty sure it was not really fine. Might have been medium.
I used Hoppe's #9 to soak the bore and the steel wool. Gobs of dark stuff started coming out of the bore on the wool. Took it off, cleaned with a patch and went at it again with the wool and #9. Did this about five or six times, putting new wool on somewhere along the process. In total, I probably pushed steel wool back and forth through the bore about 100 times.
Finished off with a new round of wool, that was really tight in the bore and I
think was extra fine, and went at it maybe twenty more passes with oil of some kind, and then finished with a few clean flannel patches.
It was amazing. That barrel was actually shining! Even the grooves were bright. Took the rifle to the range and it shot as good as any military Mauser I had ever used.
Since that time, I have used steel wool a few more times on badly rusted/pitted barrels, although I have always used fine, or very fine, after that first barrel.

They have all cleaned up the same.
Ted