I saw a magazine article a few years back where a guy tested a .357 mag on a black bear skull. The skull was facing him and positioned as though the bear was charging. End result: ricochet off the bone.
But while I was in Alaska a few year back, a fisherman killed a charging grizz with a 9 mm. So a .357 could work, but the question is why would you try? It'd likely fail more often than it would succeed, though I suppose it might be marginally effective on treed bears.