The Europeans do a great job of making barrels I'm sure but the one barrel I saw which split full length due to a barrel obstruction at the muzzle was a German Weatherby. I've not seen any barrel fired with an obstruction (even a minor one) which did not bulge. Some have split; if the obstruction was serious enough but that Weatherby was the most impressive.
I've had the good fortune to see quite a few rifles which were fired with severe overloads or wrong ammunition and have a pretty good basis for judgement.
As Dennis pointed out, Remingtons are very good. I've seem one survive having a 308 Norma round fired through it's 7mm STW barrel. The 180 grain Swift bullet went through and even killed a fairish black bear with one shot. It was well that the one shot did the trick because he wasn't getting another. The bolt was siezed shut. Once I got the case out and replaced the extractor, the rifle was fine and headspace was unchanged. Another was a 30/06 which was loaded with 49 grains of 4227 and a 180 grain bullet (DON'T try this load in your 30/06's guys). We knew this because the shooter had written the load on the box. I guess he figured 4227 was pretty close to 4320 so it would work! Anyway, the 700 was seized but, once the case was removed, the bolt nose squeezed back down, and the extractor replaced, the rifle was fine.
A Ruger 77 which fired the same load was also fundementally OK but showed the difference in philosophy between the two designers. The Ruger, like the Mauser 98, vents the gases from a case failure while the 700 seal them in. So the Ruger's bolt and receiver was just fine but the extractor was gone as was the floorplate and magazine spring and follower. The stock was split and the scope was bent.
The Savage 110 is also very strong and safe. Possibly the equal of the Remington. One customer fired three 7x57 rounds through his 270 before he noticed what he was doing. He said it seemed to kick a bit harder and wasn't shooting real well.
About this same time another fellow fired one 7x57 through his 270 Colt -Sauer and blew it up. You don't always get what you pay for.
I once saw the same mixup as described by Dennis- a 303 through a 7mm Mag- but this in a Parker-Hale (a commercial Mauser). Again, there was no real damage to the receiver or bolt but the extractor and magazine were gone and the stock was split.
It is not uncommon to see older Mausers which were subjected to repeated firings with too-heavy loads in which the locking lugs had set back into the receiver. I've not seen this in many modern actions but have in some. A browning A-bolt was brought in because it was misfiring. It was misfiring because it had developed about .015" of headspace from lug setback. The load, a stout load of 4350 in a 30/06, should not have done this but it did.
Another was a 358 Norma on a Browning BLR which the owner had ruined by overloading it.
A sako L61 chambered for what was essentially a 30 STW set back by about .006 after several years of loads which were a bit warm.
It makes little sense to load any rifle too hot. Do so and you risk cumulative damage which might result in a catastrophic failure after a period of time. At best an expensive lesson and at worst a tragic one. The loading error (wrong powder, wrong scale setting, etc.) is another matter and this is where you are depending on you action to let you get away with it. Most will do this but it pays to be careful anyway. Regards, Bill.