The .303 British cartridge headspaces on its rim, so in the military rifles the distance to the shoulder was not critical. When you resize the fired case and push back the shoulder, it means that the case blows out again. Do it a few times and the brass has stretched too much and you end up with the case head separation. Compare a new case, one of your reloaded cases and one that you have fired and you will see some noticeable differences in where the shoulder is.
The solution, as alluded to above, is to full length resize only enough to touch the shoulder on the fired case. The case head separation may still happen due to excessive stretching on the first firing, but if not, the partial sizing will prolong case life.