from what I can see, your friend wants a all-around rifle. He wants something that is cheap, accurate, has low recoil and capable of taking everything.... Hmmm. I think that's asking a little too much. All the milsurp (usually the cheapest centerfires available) are .30cal up, and 30cal is usually not known for being soft on the shoulder. If it is, like the case of 7.62x39 it usually has a short range (Trajectory of a cannonball)
Now that does not mean there is nothing wrong with 7.62x39 or 30-30, it just means (in my opinion anyway) they are not much good beyond 200 yards and better suited for the bushes.
Varmint cartridges are meant to go long distances with low recoil, but as mentioned, it's not legal to shoot a deer with it.
For a decent rife, expect to pay at least $500. That would include the accessories to spruce it up to what he would want. If you buy a new gun it is going to be closer to $1-2000 to get you set up. You should find out how much he wants to spend first, then work from there.
there are lots of calibers to choose from. Sticking to the military cartridges will ensure you can find the ammo just about anywhere (Finding a source of ammo is important unless you willing to reload and/or "Stock up" when you get the gun, but reloading equipment will add to the initial cost.)
For a caliber to suit you friend's needs, I would recommend something in .308 Winchester. It's easy to find, new guns are readily available in it, and legal to take just about anything.
My second choice would be .303 British. Sporterized Lee Enfields and ammo are easy (And usually cheap) to find, although there is a good chance the gun would require some TLC to get it accurate.