The way I see it is a headspace gauge won't detect a problem but a go/no-go might...
Headspace gauges are usually GO, NO GO and FIELD.
A rifle should accept the GO, may not accept the NO GO, and should not accept the FIELD.
In a belted magnum, the gauges only address the gap between the bolt face and the end of the rim counterbore in the barrel.
If there is excess headspace - a situation where the rifle would accept a FIELD gauge and could be even looser than that, the firing pin drives the case forward until it is stopped. As pressure builds, the case expands and grips the chamber walls. Because there is excess headspace, the face of the cartridge head is not in contact with the bolt face. Pressure forces the case head back, stretching the case. Stretched too much, it separates. Frequently, if there is excess headspace, the primer backs out and is then reseated when the case comes back to the bolt. Badly flattened primers can result. Your primers do not show excessive flattening.
A rifle can also gauge perfectly and there could still be excess headspace if the belt on the cartridges are short. Belts can be measured, to see if they are within specs.
Headspace gauges tell nothing about how the body of the chamber is reamed. If headspace is correct but the chamber body is too deep or to large in diameter, the case is positioned by the belt, and the case will fireform to fit the chamber. For example, if a .300WinMag cartridge is fired in a .300Weatherby chamber, the headspace should be correct but the case will fireform to fit the longer Weatherby chamber.