The recent thread on the 'perfect upland gun' encouraged me to post this. After many years of searching on both sides of the Atlantic, I finally found my perfect grouse gun... A Charles William Lancaster 12-gauge under-lever centre-fire gun, possibly built as a base-fire, with the conical base-fire strikers replaced by normal centre-fire ones. Or it was built as-is to use the early Pottet/Boxer centre-fire cartridges. Or the Schneider/Daw cartridges. I’ll never know, as the Lancaster order book simply records it as a '12-bore under-lever centre-fire'. The damascus barrels have been nitro-proofed for 1 1/8 oz loads, and it has 2 1/2" chambers. Built before the days of choke, it is cylinder bore. It enjoys the new Challenger low-pressure 2 1/2" cartridges. I have a 14-gauge version of the gun, which some of you would have seen at the Fourth Double Gun Classic earlier this year.
This particular gun was built in 1864 for Colonel Sir Thales Pease KCB, and would have sold for 65 guineas, the highest-priced sporting gun of the London makers. The action is Lancaster’s 'slide-and-tilt' type, where the underlever moves the barrels forward before they can swing on the hinge. The action face is not at the normal 90 degree angle to the flats, instead it is at an acute angle, making for a very strong closure (undoubtedly it must have been difficult to make, with the hand tools of the day - only Lancaster made these). It has simple extractors, which belie their importance - this was the first British gun to have an extractor, an important first step towards the later ejectors. Nose-less hammers was a design flourish that Lancaster favoured, and the locks are non-rebounding.
As to the action design, there is much history. Albert Henry Marie Renette of Paris obtained two French patents for exterior-primed (capping breechloader) guns with slide-and-tilt actions in 1820, or seven years before Casimir Lefaucheux patented his hinge-action capping breechloading gun in 1827, which led the way to his pinfire invention in 1834. In 1853 Renette's son in law and partner, Louis Julien Gastinne, obtained French patent No. 9058 for this breech action on a hammer gun, intended to use inside-primed centerfire cartridges. The prolific patent agent Auguste Edouard Loradoux Bellford patented the design in Great Britain, patent No. 2778 of 1853. This is the patent that was later assigned to Charles Lancaster and used as the design for his base-fire cartridge, and the story behind ‘Charles Lancaster’s Patent’ marked on his guns – though the patent was never taken out in his name.
The end result is a beautifully balanced gun, with measurements that suit me. Ruffed grouse season is about to start, and Sir Pease’s Lancaster is ready for action.
