There have been a host of hard target penetrator bombs since the Barnes Wallis designs. First, you need to distinguish the complete bomb from its warhead, which have separate designations entirely.
One of the frontrunner among these HTP warheads in the USA was the 2,000 lb BLU-109 (originally the I-2000, or Improved 2000 lb), which started delivery in December 1985 under the Have Void program. It weighs, of course, just under 2,000 lbs but contains only about 550 lbs (at most) of AFX-708 Tritonal or PBXN explosive (depending on application). The extra weight comes from the single piece, 1+ inch thick body casing of forged 4340 steel. That warhead equipped more than a dozen different precision guided munitions in the US Air Force and US Navy inventory, including but not limited to various flavours of GBU-10, -15, -24, -27, and -31. Bombs like these latter mentioned often don’t get recognized as hard target penetrators, but they are (albeit of less capability).
There are also various flavours of BLU-109, including the thermally insulated BLU-109A/B (for the Navy), and the BLU-109/B (for the Air Force). This is the bomb you saw most often during Desert Storm, busting up the hardened aircraft shelters that the French had built for the Iraqi Air Force. Even there, though, there were times when a couple of BLU-109s were needed to ensure the destruction of the target (it can be expected to reliably penetrate no more than about a couple of meters of reinforced concrete).
The earliest version of the GBU-28 bomb, meanwhile, employed the BLU-113/B warhead. Rushed into service in February 1991, in time for use in Desert Storm, and to deal with targets the BLU-109 could not penetrate. It was originally built from burned out or surplus 8 inch howitzer barrels, which were bored out and filled with up to 647 lbs of Tritonal explosive. The result was a bomb that weighed about 4,700 lbs. Later variants of the GBU-28 have used purpose built BLU-113A/B and BLU-122 warheads. The BLU-122 is produced from a 3,500 lb body casing made from a single piece of ES-1 steel and is packed with AFX-757 insensitive explosive.
The GBU-37/B, a forerunner to the JDAM GPS-guided bomb, also employed the previously mentioned BLU-113/B warhead and was intended for use with the B-2A Spirit stealth bomber until the laser/GPS-guided GBU-28C/B came along.
The GBU-57A/B Massive Ordnance Penetrator (MOP) weighs just under 30,000 lbs and is believed to contain about 5,300 lbs of explosive. It is supposed to be capable of penetrating more than 200 ft and can bust reinforced concrete structures hardened to 5,000 psi (that is up in the realm of ICBM silo class hardening).