Any cartridge with an improved shoulder and longer neck is a great place to start. Nothing wrong with a 243, but you would want any cartridge to be throated for longer heavier bullets and a fast enough twist to handle them.
I have an SLR and have an accurate node at about 3100fps with Berger 105 Hybrids, Neck turned Lapua brass and H4831SC. I also took that up to 3260 fps while looking for pressure signs and had none, maybe due to tight tolerances with my BAT action, chamber and brass sizing? I didn't want to go any higher though as my case was full and previous loads using Hornady brass were pancaking primers right flat at about 3160 fps.
Barrel life is very subjective, some people will throw a barrel away once it opens up to 1/2" groups, others 1"+. Some guys have 4000+ through a 243 (who knows what kind of accuracy)
Also lots of variables, the barrel itself (make, profile, composition, heat exchange characteristics like Falkors borrowed Straight Jacket Barrel System), cartridge (shoulder angle, neck length, velocities), shooting style (fast and hot vs slow and cold bore), powders being used (H1000 vs H4350).
Like Max-x says component availability is huge, the other stuff not as much.
Bullet selection is probably one of the biggest factors as some bullets are better than others and at longer ranges this makes a big difference.
The 105 Berger Hybrids were the staple for the 6mm but that might change with Sierras new 110 Grain HPBT with a g1 BC of 0.617 (no G7 # yet) > Berger 105 hybrids of 0.536 and the Berger 115 hunting vld at 0.568.
Using Bergers Ballistics Calculator a 105 hybrid at 3100 fps is supersonic to almost 1500 yards
a 110 Sierra at the same velocity get it to almost 1800 yards supersonic
with a 10 mph wind at 600 Yards the Berger has 2.1" more wind deflection.
At 1000 yards the Berger has 7.75" more wind deflection than the Sierra
at 1400 yards the Berger has 22" more wind deflection.
Disclaimer: I have not been out that far with this cartridge yet to confirm what the calculator is telling me.
Here is a 300 yard group while load testing. Berger 105 Hybrids with 45.2 Grains of H4831SC in Lapua neck turned 243 brass (not weight sorted) BR2 primers, approx 3100 fps.
Yes it's only a 3 shot group (I fine tune with 5 shot groups after) but this is the best grouping I have ever achieved, Ever.
But now I have to start over with these Sierra 110's I just ordered.
