Ardent said:
.223 is just fine inside 800 yards, and actually performs better than .308 on steel targets at almost any range. In fact, I do not believe .308 is a ton more effective in the same role as .223, even the effective ranges are similar.
Long post, so bear with me...
Serving and ex-serving members will recall a battle-school lecture that was called crack-thump-penetration demonstration.
In addition to teaching range estimation by evaluating time delay between sonic crack and ignition thump, it demonstrated the effects of 5.56mm, 7.62mm, and 50 cal on various protective materials.
Typical materials are:
loose dirt
sandbagged dirt
reveted trench berm
breeze block
IIRC (its been a LOOONG time) the 5.56mm had certain advantages in some materials. I recall better penetration of Sandbag material. I believe the 7.62mm round was stopped cold by a few layers or reinforced sandbags, while the buzz-saw effect of the 5.56mm round chewed the bags to peices.
The disadvantage showed most substantially on breeze block material however.
Whereas the 5.56mm round would chew through the cinder block with a "buzz-saw" kind of effect, requiring multiple rounds (generally 3 rounds in a burst from a C9), the 7.62mm round would smash the brick on a single round impact, often resulting in a far side penetration.
Doctrinally speaking, the 5.56mm round fired from a C7 by an individual rifleman is listed as effective to 300m for the individual, and 600m in section level fire. The 7.62mm round fired from a C1 by an individual rifleman was listed as effective to 600m. (anyone here remember level 6 - shoot to live?)
Be nice to get to a range that allows similar anti-material tests. Those of you who have recently done this (more recently than 14 years) may care to verify/correct.
The 7.62mm round has some other nice characterisitcs that machine-gunners examine from the acronym BRAT-VP
Beaten Zone
-Relative to the cone of shot, the 2 dimensional cross section that a grouping of rounds follow in their path to the target, whereby 80% of shots fired fall inside the center of the cone.
As rounds travel to target, they statistically experience spacial diversity from the center impact point. Higher rounds fall further than lower rounds, resulting in predictable "beaten zones" that are roughly cigar shaped on flat terrain, circular on rising terrain, and elongated on falling terrain. Beaten zones are sited in enfilade to produce defilading fire to produce greater % of hits on fewer rounds. the 7.62mm round is capable of producing accurate fire out to 1100m from the bipod and 1800m off the support kit.
Range
-Bears a direct relation to Penetration. The weight of the project * the velocity(squared) = energy. This directly correlates to range.
All things being equall, a heavier projectile is less affected by elements such as wind at greater distances. At extreme distances, such as Chey-tac's impressive cartridge, elements such as corealis effect need to be taken into account, as the target does not seem to be moving, but the Earth is.
Accuracy
-Bears directly on width of cone of shot, and ability to hit center of mass on a point target at great distance.
You all know the factors that affect accuracy. A 1 moa weapon capable of grouping 1 inch at 100m is capable of grouping 80% of shots (Cone of shot) within a variance of 7 inches at 700m, wind effects excepted. Therefore, a heavier supersonic round is typically superior to a lighter one, provided the round has not bled off its critical supersonic velocity.
Trajectory
-Affected by resistance and barometric pressure.
The 7.62mm round has a "flat" trajectory out to 700m, with no more than 1.8m rise above POA at the apogee (IIRC, approx 500m out from target. Ideal for producing first catch and first graze effects out to 700m in non-sniping application.
Volume of Fire
-Not relative to this discussion, but bears on denial of space inside the cone of shot.
Penetration
-Bears a direct correlation to Range/speed/projectile weight.
Generally speaking, a larger heavier round travelling at the same speed downrange will produce greater penetration than the lighter projectile. This is a very important design characteristic of the Chey-tac round, which maintains supersonic velocity at ranges far exceeding that of the 50 cal.
My biggest point is that no one round is universally superior to another. they all have applications where one round is better suited than another. As others have suggested, it depends on your end application.
Additional sources:
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/m16.htm
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1986/MVT.htm
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/images/M118long.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5.56_mm_NATO
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7.62_mm_NATO